Not op, but is there a particular book of his that talks about the latter? I've check out "Protestsnt Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism", but have never read any of the man"s books.

women who mixed and died

This typo seems way too appropriate

Jewish Christians - Are these Jews who believed in Jesus the Messiah?

Yes. This group was the largest and most influential in Christianity's first days.

Non-Christians Jews - Are these Jews who don't believe in Jesus the Messiah?

Yes, these are who we refer to as "Jewish" today.

Gentile Christians - Are these non-Jews who believe in Jesus the Messiah?

Yes, but not everyone agreed that that they should/would be included.

Is the third category responsible for early Christianity?

The answer depends on your definition of "Christianity", but it was mostly the first group, although they would have still called themselves Jewish, not Christian. They saw themselves as the "true Jews" and those who didn't accept Jesus they saw as no longer truley Jewish. After all, denying a true prophet is heresy! As for the inclusion of the Gentiles, you may be interested in The Jerusalem Council described in Acts: 15 from the Bible, which talks about it:

"Certain people came down from Judea to Antioch and were teaching the believers: “Unless you are circumcised, according to the custom taught by Moses, you cannot be saved.” 2 This brought Paul and Barnabas into sharp dispute and debate with them. So Paul and Barnabas were appointed, along with some other believers, to go up to Jerusalem to see the apostles and elders about this question. 3 The church sent them on their way, and as they traveled through Phoenicia and Samaria, they told how the Gentiles had been converted. This news made all the believers very glad. 4 When they came to Jerusalem, they were welcomed by the church and the apostles and elders, to whom they reported everything God had done through them.

5 Then some of the believers who belonged to the party of the Pharisees stood up and said, “The Gentiles must be circumcised and required to keep the law of Moses.”

6 The apostles and elders met to consider this question. 7 After much discussion, Peter got up and addressed them: “Brothers, you know that some time ago God made a choice among you that the Gentiles might hear from my lips the message of the gospel and believe. 8 God, who knows the heart, showed that he accepted them by giving the Holy Spirit to them, just as he did to us. 9 He did not discriminate between us and them, for he purified their hearts by faith. 10 Now then, why do you try to test God by putting on the necks of Gentiles a yoke that neither we nor our ancestors have been able to bear? 11 No! We believe it is through the grace of our Lord Jesus that we are saved, just as they are.”

12 The whole assembly became silent as they listened to Barnabas and Paul telling about the signs and wonders God had done among the Gentiles through them. 13 When they finished, James spoke up. “Brothers,” he said, “listen to me. 14 Simon[a] has described to us how God first intervened to choose a people for his name from the Gentiles. 15 The words of the prophets are in agreement with this, as it is written:

16 “‘After this I will return and rebuild David’s fallen tent. Its ruins I will rebuild, and I will restore it, 17 that the rest of mankind may seek the Lord, even all the Gentiles who bear my name, says the Lord, who does these things’[b]— 18 things known from long ago.[c]

19 “It is my judgment, therefore, that we should not make it difficult for the Gentiles who are turning to God. 20 Instead we should write to them, telling them to abstain from food polluted by idols, from sexual immorality, from the meat of strangled animals and from blood. 21 For the law of Moses has been preached in every city from the earliest times and is read in the synagogues on every Sabbath.”

What is being discussed here is whether "gentile christian" was a nonsense term or not. These "Certain people" mentioned at the beginning would have said it was nonsense, Jesus was the Jewish Messiah, and you needed to be Jewish before you could be saved by Jesus. Paul and Barnabas argued that Jesus alone was enough for salvation, for after all, a big part of Jesus's deal was that Jewish people often failed to follow Jewish law themselves, this is why salvation was required in the first place!

If you were asking when the Identity of Jewish Christians stopped being distinct within Christianity, this happened gradually over the first few centuries.

Hi there! You're looking for /r/HistoryWhatIf.

Very interesting reading. Thanks

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Thanks. So it'd be okay to sell the products your body made, that took effort from your body and cost your body something, like making shoes or something, but not sell your body itself?

The looking down on slaves, so would a Roman say a slave should find some way to get out of slavery in order to be a dignified free Roman? Were there any ways to get out of slavery?